Crafting a Frozen character Anna costume is a delightful journey into the realm of creativity and imagination. From selecting the perfect fabrics to mastering the intricate details of her dress, the process allows enthusiasts to explore their artistic side while paying homage to one of Disney's most spirited heroines. Whether you're a seasoned cosplayer or a parent looking to bring joy to your child's eyes, designing an Anna costume is an exciting project that promises a rewarding experience for all involved. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into every aspect of creating an Anna costume that is both authentic and enchanting. We'll explore the costume's historical inspirations, break down its components, and provide step-by-step instructions for assembling each piece. Additionally, we'll offer tips on hair and makeup to help you fully embody Anna's cheerful and determined spirit. Whether you're preparing for a special event or simply want to immerse yourself in the Frozen universe, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and skills to create a stunning Anna costume that captures the magic of Disney's Frozen.
Name | Anna of Arendelle |
---|---|
Debut | Frozen (2013) |
Voice Actor | Kristen Bell |
Role | Princess of Arendelle |
Personality Traits | Courageous, Optimistic, Adventurous |
Table of Contents
- Anna: A Character Biography
- Historical Inspirations Behind Anna's Costume
- Elements of the Frozen Character Anna Costume
- Selecting the Right Fabrics for Anna's Costume
- Creating the Bodice: Patterns and Embroidery
- Designing the Skirt: Colors and Layers
- Accessories: Cape, Gloves, and Boots
- Hairstyle and Makeup for the Perfect Anna Look
- Tips for Cosplayers: Bringing Anna to Life
- DIY Versus Store-Bought Costumes: Pros and Cons
- Where to Buy Materials and Supplies
- Caring for Your Costume: Maintenance and Storage
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion: Embracing the Magic of Anna
Anna: A Character Biography
Anna of Arendelle is one of the central characters in Disney's Frozen franchise. She first appeared in the film Frozen, released in 2013, and quickly became a beloved figure for audiences around the world. Voiced by Kristen Bell, Anna is depicted as the younger sister of Elsa, the Snow Queen of Arendelle. Unlike her sister, Anna possesses no magical powers, but she is known for her indomitable spirit, unwavering optimism, and boundless bravery.
From a young age, Anna demonstrated a keen sense of adventure and a desire to explore the world beyond the confines of the castle. Her relationship with her sister Elsa is a central theme in Frozen, as Anna strives to reconnect with Elsa after years of separation due to Elsa's fear of her own powers. Anna's determination and courage are highlighted throughout the film as she embarks on a perilous journey to save Arendelle from an eternal winter.
Anna's character is a testament to the power of love, family, and resilience. Her upbeat personality and unwavering belief in the goodness of others inspire those around her and serve as a guiding light in the darkest of times. As the story unfolds, Anna's personal growth and transformation become apparent, as she learns the importance of self-discovery and acceptance.
Historical Inspirations Behind Anna's Costume
Anna's costume in Frozen is a beautifully crafted ensemble that draws inspiration from traditional Norwegian clothing, known as bunad. The bunad is a type of folk costume that varies by region and is often worn during special occasions and celebrations. By incorporating elements of the bunad into Anna's costume, the creators of Frozen were able to capture the essence of Norway's rich cultural heritage, adding depth and authenticity to the character's appearance.
The design of Anna's costume reflects the historical and cultural significance of the bunad, with its intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and detailed embroidery. The bodice, for example, features floral motifs that are commonly found in traditional Norwegian attire. These motifs are not only decorative but also hold symbolic meaning, representing themes such as growth, renewal, and prosperity.
In addition to the bunad, Anna's costume also incorporates elements of 19th-century European fashion, with its voluminous skirts and layered fabrics. This blend of traditional and contemporary styles creates a timeless look that is both elegant and practical, perfectly suited to Anna's adventurous spirit.
By understanding the historical inspirations behind Anna's costume, fans and costume creators can gain a deeper appreciation for its design and craftsmanship. This knowledge also serves as a valuable resource for those seeking to create an authentic Frozen character Anna costume, as it provides insights into the cultural and historical context of the outfit.
Elements of the Frozen Character Anna Costume
The Frozen character Anna costume is comprised of several distinct elements that come together to create a cohesive and enchanting look. Each component of the costume plays a crucial role in capturing Anna's vibrant personality and adventurous spirit. Here, we will explore the key elements of the costume, providing an overview of their design and significance.
The Bodice
The bodice of Anna's costume is a standout feature, characterized by its structured silhouette and intricate embroidery. Crafted from rich, velvety fabric, the bodice is adorned with floral motifs that reflect the traditional Norwegian bunad. The embroidery is typically done in a contrasting color to create a striking visual effect, adding depth and texture to the garment.
The Skirt
Anna's skirt is a multi-layered masterpiece that adds movement and grace to her ensemble. The skirt is composed of several layers of fabric, each varying in color and texture. The outer layer is often made of a lightweight material that allows for fluid motion, while the inner layers provide volume and structure. The colors of the skirt are carefully chosen to complement the bodice, creating a harmonious and visually appealing look.
The Cape
A key accessory in Anna's costume is her cape, a flowing garment that adds drama and elegance to her appearance. The cape is typically made of a soft, wool-like fabric and features a scalloped edge that mirrors the shapes found in the embroidery on the bodice. The cape is fastened with a decorative clasp, adding a touch of sophistication to the overall look.
The Gloves and Boots
Completing the ensemble are Anna's gloves and boots, which provide both style and practicality. The gloves are usually made of a lightweight fabric that allows for ease of movement, while the boots are crafted from sturdy materials designed for traversing snowy landscapes. Together, these elements add a final touch of authenticity to the costume, ensuring that every detail aligns with Anna's adventurous nature.
Selecting the Right Fabrics for Anna's Costume
Choosing the appropriate fabrics for Anna's costume is a crucial step in creating an authentic and visually stunning ensemble. The quality and type of fabric used can significantly impact the overall look and feel of the costume, so it's essential to consider factors such as texture, color, and durability when making your selections.
Fabrics for the Bodice
The bodice of Anna's costume requires a fabric that is both luxurious and structured. Velvet is an ideal choice for this component, as it provides the rich texture and vibrant color needed to replicate Anna's iconic look. Velvet also has a slight sheen, which enhances the intricate embroidery and adds depth to the garment.
Fabrics for the Skirt
The skirt's construction involves multiple layers, each requiring different types of fabric to achieve the desired effect. The outer layer should be made of a lightweight material, such as chiffon or organza, to allow for fluid movement and graceful draping. The inner layers can be crafted from sturdier fabrics, such as taffeta or satin, to provide volume and structure.
Fabrics for the Cape
The cape is a crucial element of Anna's costume, and its fabric should be carefully selected to ensure both style and comfort. Wool or wool-blend fabrics are excellent choices for the cape, as they provide warmth and a soft texture. Additionally, these fabrics are durable and resistant to wear, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
Fabrics for Accessories
When selecting fabrics for the gloves and boots, it's important to prioritize comfort and practicality. Lightweight fabrics, such as cotton or knit, are ideal for the gloves, as they allow for ease of movement. For the boots, sturdy materials like leather or faux leather are recommended, as they provide durability and protection from the elements.
By carefully selecting the right fabrics for each component of Anna's costume, you can ensure that your ensemble is both visually stunning and comfortable to wear. This attention to detail will help you create a costume that captures the magic and authenticity of Disney's Frozen character Anna.
Creating the Bodice: Patterns and Embroidery
The bodice is one of the most intricate and visually striking components of the Frozen character Anna costume. To create an authentic and beautifully detailed bodice, it's essential to focus on two key elements: the pattern and the embroidery. Each of these elements requires careful planning and execution to achieve the desired look.
Choosing the Right Pattern
Before you begin working on the bodice, it's important to select a pattern that closely resembles Anna's costume design. Many commercial sewing patterns are available that cater to Disney-inspired costumes, making it easier to find one that suits your needs. When choosing a pattern, pay attention to the shape and fit of the bodice, as well as any unique design elements, such as the neckline and sleeve style.
Embroidery Techniques
Embroidery is a crucial aspect of Anna's bodice, as it adds depth and visual interest to the garment. The floral motifs featured on the bodice are inspired by traditional Norwegian designs and can be achieved using various embroidery techniques. If you're new to embroidery, consider starting with basic stitches, such as the satin stitch or chain stitch, before progressing to more complex designs.
Embroidery Materials
When it comes to embroidery, the choice of materials is just as important as the technique itself. Select high-quality embroidery floss in colors that contrast with the fabric of the bodice to ensure the design stands out. Additionally, using an embroidery hoop can help maintain tension in the fabric, resulting in neater and more precise stitches.
Adding Embellishments
To enhance the overall appearance of the bodice, consider incorporating additional embellishments, such as beads or sequins. These elements can be strategically placed within the embroidery design to add sparkle and dimension to the garment. Be sure to choose embellishments that complement the colors and style of the bodice, creating a harmonious and visually appealing look.
By carefully selecting the right pattern, mastering embroidery techniques, and adding thoughtful embellishments, you can create a stunning bodice that captures the essence of Anna's character. With patience and attention to detail, you'll be well on your way to crafting a Frozen character Anna costume that is both authentic and enchanting.
Designing the Skirt: Colors and Layers
The skirt is a vital component of the Frozen character Anna costume, adding movement and elegance to the overall ensemble. To create a skirt that captures the essence of Anna's adventurous spirit, it's essential to focus on two key elements: colors and layers. By carefully selecting the right colors and constructing multiple layers, you can achieve a visually stunning and dynamic skirt.
Choosing the Right Colors
The colors of Anna's skirt are a defining feature of her costume, reflecting her vibrant personality and connection to nature. The main color of the skirt is typically a rich, deep blue, which serves as a striking contrast to the warm tones of the bodice and cape. To add depth and visual interest, consider incorporating additional colors, such as green or purple, into the layers of the skirt.
Constructing the Layers
The skirt's multi-layered design is crucial for achieving the desired volume and movement. Begin by selecting lightweight fabrics, such as chiffon or organza, for the outer layers, as these materials provide fluid motion and graceful draping. For the inner layers, opt for sturdier fabrics, such as taffeta or satin, to create structure and volume.
Layering Techniques
When constructing the skirt, consider using layering techniques that enhance the overall silhouette and flow of the garment. For example, you can use a gathered or pleated design to add fullness and texture to the skirt. Additionally, consider incorporating a slight train or asymmetrical hemline to create a more dynamic and visually appealing look.
Adding Decorative Elements
To further enhance the skirt's appearance, consider adding decorative elements, such as lace trim or ribbon accents. These embellishments can be strategically placed along the hemline or within the layers of the skirt to create a cohesive and visually stunning design. Be sure to choose decorations that complement the colors and style of the skirt, ensuring a harmonious and elegant look.
By focusing on the right colors, constructing multiple layers, and adding thoughtful decorative elements, you can create a skirt that captures the magic and enchantment of Anna's character. With careful planning and attention to detail, you'll be well on your way to crafting a Frozen character Anna costume that is both authentic and captivating.
Accessories: Cape, Gloves, and Boots
Accessories play a crucial role in completing the Frozen character Anna costume, adding both style and functionality to the ensemble. By selecting the right cape, gloves, and boots, you can enhance the overall look and feel of the costume, ensuring every detail aligns with Anna's adventurous nature.
The Cape
Anna's cape is an iconic element of her costume, adding drama and elegance to her appearance. When selecting a cape, look for a fabric that is both warm and lightweight, such as wool or a wool-blend. The cape should feature a scalloped edge and be fastened with a decorative clasp, adding sophistication to the overall look. Consider incorporating embroidery or appliqué designs that mirror the motifs found on the bodice for a cohesive and visually appealing ensemble.
The Gloves
Gloves are a practical and stylish addition to Anna's costume, providing both warmth and elegance. When selecting gloves, choose a lightweight fabric, such as cotton or knit, that allows for ease of movement. The gloves should match the color scheme of the costume and be comfortable to wear for extended periods. Consider adding small embellishments, such as embroidery or lace trim, to enhance the overall appearance of the gloves.
The Boots
Anna's boots are an essential component of her costume, designed for traversing snowy landscapes with style and practicality. When selecting boots, opt for sturdy materials like leather or faux leather that provide durability and protection from the elements. The boots should feature a simple yet elegant design, with minimal embellishments to maintain their practicality. Consider adding a faux fur trim or embroidery details to complement the overall look of the costume.
By carefully selecting the right cape, gloves, and boots, you can complete the Frozen character Anna costume with style and authenticity. These accessories not only enhance the overall appearance of the costume but also provide practicality and comfort, ensuring you're ready for any adventure that comes your way.
Hairstyle and Makeup for the Perfect Anna Look
In addition to the costume itself, hairstyle and makeup are essential components of creating the perfect Anna look. By paying attention to these details, you can fully embody Anna's cheerful and determined spirit, bringing the character to life in a captivating and authentic way.
The Hairstyle
Anna's hairstyle is a key aspect of her character, characterized by her distinctive copper-red hair and two braids. To achieve this look, start by selecting a high-quality wig in Anna's signature color, or dye your own hair if you're up for a temporary change. Divide the hair into two equal sections and braid each section, securing the ends with small elastic bands. For a touch of authenticity, consider adding small ribbons or floral accents to the braids, mirroring the decorations found in Anna's hair in the film.
Makeup
For makeup, focus on achieving a natural and fresh-faced look that reflects Anna's youthful and energetic personality. Start with a lightweight foundation or BB cream to create a smooth and even complexion. Add a touch of blush to the cheeks for a healthy, rosy glow. For the eyes, opt for neutral eyeshadows and a coat of mascara to enhance the lashes. Finish the look with a soft pink or coral lipstick, adding a pop of color to the lips without overpowering the natural look.
Additional Tips
When applying makeup, consider using long-lasting and waterproof products, especially if you'll be wearing the costume for an extended period or in outdoor settings. This will help ensure your makeup stays fresh and vibrant throughout the day. Additionally, practice your hairstyle and makeup routine ahead of time to perfect the look and ensure you're comfortable with the techniques involved.
By focusing on the right hairstyle and makeup, you can complete the Frozen character Anna costume with finesse and authenticity. These details not only enhance the overall appearance of the costume but also help you fully embody Anna's character, capturing the magic and spirit of Disney's Frozen.
Tips for Cosplayers: Bringing Anna to Life
Cosplaying as Anna from Frozen is a rewarding and exciting experience that allows fans to immerse themselves in the magical world of Arendelle. To bring Anna to life authentically, it's important to focus on a few key aspects, from costume details to embodying her character traits. Here are some tips for cosplayers looking to create the perfect Frozen character Anna costume and portrayal.
Attention to Detail
When creating an Anna costume, attention to detail is crucial for achieving an authentic and visually stunning look. Focus on replicating the intricate embroidery on the bodice, the vibrant colors of the skirt, and the elegant design of the cape. Don't forget the small accessories, like the gloves and boots, which add practicality and style to the ensemble. By paying attention to these details, you can create a costume that captures the essence of Anna's character.
Embodying Anna's Character
Anna is known for her courageous, optimistic, and adventurous personality, and embodying these traits is key to bringing her character to life. Practice Anna's mannerisms, such as her cheerful expressions and energetic movements, to fully immerse yourself in the role. Additionally, consider learning some of Anna's iconic lines or songs from the film to add an extra layer of authenticity to your portrayal.
Interacting with Others
As a cosplayer, interacting with fellow fans and attendees at events is an integral part of the experience. When portraying Anna, focus on being approachable, friendly, and enthusiastic, reflecting her positive and outgoing nature. Engage with others in character, whether through conversation or playful interactions, to create a memorable and immersive experience for everyone involved.
Photography Tips
Capturing the perfect photograph of your Anna cosplay is an important aspect of showcasing your hard work and dedication. When posing for photos, consider incorporating dynamic poses that reflect Anna's adventurous spirit, such as running or reaching out with her arms. Choose locations that complement the costume, such as natural settings or winter-themed backdrops, to enhance the overall visual appeal of the photos.
By focusing on attention to detail, embodying Anna's character, and interacting with others in a friendly and enthusiastic manner, cosplayers can create an authentic and captivating portrayal of the Frozen character Anna. These tips will help you bring Anna to life with confidence and creativity, showcasing your love for Disney's magical world.
DIY Versus Store-Bought Costumes: Pros and Cons
When creating a Frozen character Anna costume, one of the first decisions you'll need to make is whether to go the DIY route or purchase a store-bought costume. Each option has its pros and cons, and the choice ultimately depends on your preferences, budget, and available resources. Here's a breakdown of the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches to help you make an informed decision.
DIY Costumes
Creating a DIY Anna costume can be a rewarding and creative experience, allowing you to customize every detail to your liking. One of the main advantages of a DIY costume is the ability to choose high-quality materials and fabrics, ensuring an authentic and visually stunning look. Additionally, crafting your own costume allows you to incorporate unique elements, such as personalized embroidery or embellishments, that set your ensemble apart from others.
However, DIY costumes can also be time-consuming and require a certain level of skill and experience, particularly when it comes to sewing and embroidery. If you're new to costume-making, you may need to invest time in learning techniques and gathering the necessary tools and materials. Additionally, DIY costumes can sometimes be more expensive than store-bought options, especially if you opt for premium fabrics and embellishments.
Store-Bought Costumes
Store-bought Anna costumes offer a convenient and time-saving option for those who prefer a ready-made ensemble. These costumes are often mass-produced and widely available, making them an accessible choice for fans of all ages. Store-bought costumes typically come with all the necessary components, including the dress, cape, and accessories, allowing you to achieve the desired look with minimal effort.
On the downside, store-bought costumes may lack the attention to detail and quality found in DIY creations. The materials used in mass-produced costumes are often lower in quality, resulting in a less authentic appearance. Additionally, store-bought costumes may not fit as well as custom-made options, and alterations may be needed to achieve the perfect fit.
Ultimately, the decision between DIY and store-bought Anna costumes depends on your priorities, skills, and resources. If you enjoy the creative process and have the time and skills to invest in crafting your own costume, a DIY approach may be the ideal choice. Alternatively, if convenience and accessibility are your main priorities, a store-bought costume can provide a ready-made solution that allows you to embody Anna's character with ease.
Where to Buy Materials and Supplies
When creating a Frozen character Anna costume, sourcing high-quality materials and supplies is essential for achieving an authentic and visually stunning ensemble. Fortunately, there are numerous places where you can purchase the fabrics, embellishments, and accessories needed to bring your costume to life. Here's a guide to some of the best sources for costume materials and supplies.
Fabric Stores
Fabric stores are a treasure trove of materials for costume-making, offering a wide range of fabrics, patterns, and notions. Look for stores that specialize in high-quality fabrics, such as velvet, chiffon, and organza, to create a costume that is both authentic and durable. Additionally, fabric stores often carry a variety of embroidery threads, beads, and embellishments, allowing you to add unique details to your ensemble.
Online Retailers
Online retailers offer a convenient and extensive selection of costume materials and supplies, often at competitive prices. Websites like Amazon, Etsy, and eBay provide access to a wide range of fabrics, patterns, and accessories, allowing you to easily compare options and find the best deals. Additionally, online retailers often have customer reviews and ratings, providing valuable insights into the quality and suitability of the products.
Craft Stores
Craft stores are another excellent source for costume supplies, offering a variety of materials and tools for sewing, embroidery, and embellishment. Look for stores like Michaels or Hobby Lobby, which often carry a selection of fabrics, threads, and decorative elements. Craft stores also offer a range of sewing patterns and guides, providing helpful resources for costume creators of all skill levels.
Specialty Costume Shops
Specialty costume shops cater specifically to cosplayers and costume enthusiasts, offering a curated selection of materials and supplies designed for creating authentic and visually stunning costumes. These shops often carry unique and hard-to-find items, such as custom embroidery patterns or specialty fabrics, that can elevate your Anna costume to the next level.
By exploring a variety of sources, you can find the materials and supplies needed to create a Frozen character Anna costume that is both authentic and captivating. Whether you choose to shop in person or online, be sure to prioritize quality and authenticity, ensuring your costume captures the magic and essence of Disney's Frozen.
Caring for Your Costume: Maintenance and Storage
Once you've created the perfect Frozen character Anna costume, it's essential to properly care for and maintain it to ensure its longevity and continued visual appeal. By following a few simple guidelines for cleaning, maintenance, and storage, you can keep your costume looking its best for years to come.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Proper cleaning and maintenance are crucial for preserving the quality and appearance of your Anna costume. When cleaning the costume, always follow the care instructions for each fabric, as different materials may require specific cleaning methods. For delicate fabrics, such as velvet or chiffon, consider spot cleaning or hand washing to prevent damage. Avoid using harsh detergents or bleach, as these can cause discoloration or deterioration of the fabric.
After cleaning, allow the costume to air dry, avoiding direct sunlight or heat sources that could cause fading or shrinkage. Once dry, inspect the costume for any loose threads, beads, or embellishments, and make necessary repairs to ensure the garment remains in top condition.
Storage
Proper storage is essential for maintaining the shape and structure of your Anna costume. When storing the costume, avoid folding or compressing the fabric, as this can lead to creases and deformation. Instead, hang the costume on a padded hanger to preserve its shape and prevent wrinkles. Consider using a garment bag to protect the costume from dust, moisture, and pests during storage.
If space is limited, consider storing each component of the costume separately, folding the skirt and cape with acid-free tissue paper to prevent creases. Store accessories, such as gloves and boots, in a cool, dry place to prevent damage from moisture or temperature fluctuations.
By following these guidelines for cleaning, maintenance, and storage, you can ensure your Frozen character Anna costume remains in excellent condition, ready for future events and adventures. Proper care and attention to detail will help preserve the magic and authenticity of your costume, allowing you to continue embodying Anna's character with confidence and style.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the key components of Anna's costume?
Anna's costume consists of several key components, including a velvet bodice with intricate embroidery, a multi-layered skirt, a flowing cape, gloves, and sturdy boots. Each element plays a crucial role in capturing Anna's vibrant personality and adventurous spirit.
What fabrics are best for creating Anna's costume?
For Anna's costume, consider using high-quality fabrics such as velvet for the bodice, chiffon or organza for the skirt's outer layers, wool or wool-blend for the cape, and leather or faux leather for the boots. These materials provide the authenticity and durability needed for a visually stunning ensemble.
How can I achieve Anna's hairstyle and makeup?
To achieve Anna's hairstyle, opt for a high-quality wig in her signature copper-red color or dye your own hair temporarily. Braid the hair into two sections, securing the ends with small elastic bands and adding ribbons or floral accents for authenticity. For makeup, focus on a natural look with lightweight foundation, blush, neutral eyeshadows, and a soft pink or coral lipstick.
Should I make a DIY costume or buy a store-bought one?
The choice between a DIY and store-bought Anna costume depends on your preferences, budget, and available resources. DIY costumes offer customization and high-quality materials, while store-bought options provide convenience and accessibility. Consider your priorities and skill level when making your decision.
Where can I find high-quality materials for Anna's costume?
High-quality materials for Anna's costume can be found at fabric stores, online retailers, craft stores, and specialty costume shops. Look for a wide range of fabrics, patterns, and embellishments to create an authentic and visually stunning ensemble.
How should I care for and store my Anna costume?
To care for your Anna costume, follow the care instructions for each fabric, spot clean or hand wash delicate materials, and air dry the garment. Store the costume on a padded hanger in a garment bag to protect it from dust and moisture. Maintain the shape and structure by avoiding folding or compressing the fabric during storage.
Conclusion: Embracing the Magic of Anna
Creating a Frozen character Anna costume is a delightful and rewarding journey into the magical world of Disney's Frozen. By focusing on authenticity, attention to detail, and creativity, you can craft a stunning ensemble that captures the essence of Anna's courageous and adventurous spirit. Whether you're participating in a cosplay event, attending a costume party, or simply celebrating your love for Disney, this guide has equipped you with the knowledge and skills to create a captivating Anna costume.
Through careful selection of fabrics, mastery of sewing and embroidery techniques, and attention to accessories, hairstyle, and makeup, you can bring Anna to life in a way that is both enchanting and authentic. By embracing Anna's optimistic and adventurous nature, you can create memorable experiences and connections with fellow fans, sharing in the joy and magic of Disney's beloved character.
As you embark on your journey to create the perfect Frozen character Anna costume, remember to enjoy the process and take pride in your creativity and dedication. With patience and perseverance, you'll be well on your way to crafting a costume that captures the magic and wonder of Disney's Frozen, allowing you to embody Anna's character with confidence and style.
For further inspiration and resources, consider exploring the extensive range of Disney merchandise and fan communities dedicated to Frozen and its characters. By connecting with fellow enthusiasts, you can share tips, ideas, and experiences, enriching your own journey and deepening your love for this iconic and enchanting world.